Suchergebnisse

Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM) ; To understand female migration and its interrelation with socio-economic development, a consideration of the selectivity of female migrants, their characteristics and differences with respect to female non-migrants as well as male migrants together with an analysis of the forces leading to such selectivity is an important first step. The general structural determinants of female migration have been categorized as: (i) those related to the economic development context and stemming mostly from government policies that influenced gender-based economic opportunities and constraints in areas of origin and destination; (ii) those determinants related to institutional factors that maintained gender inequalities; (iii) those determinants arising from the socio-cultural system of gender roles and relations operating in accordance with prevalent norms, values and expectations. The promotion of equal employment opportunities for men and women is needed: it is important to prevent the perpetuation of segmented labor markets. At the household level, migration might be treated as part of a household strategy of risk diversification wherein a member of the household is encouraged or helped to migrate so as to send back remittances. Finally, it should be noted that the outcome of migration for women varies considerably according to the socio-cultural and family contexts in which migration takes place. / Pour comprendre le phénomène de la migration féminine et ses liens avec le développement socio-économique, il convient d'étudier, dans un premier temps, la sélectivité des migrantes, leurs caractéristiques et différences par rapport aux femmes non-migrantes et aux migrants de sexe masculin, ainsi que d'analyser les forces conduisant à une telle sélectivité. Les déterminants structurels généraux de la migration féminine ont été classés comme suit : 1) déterminants liés au contexte du développement économique et provenant principalement de politiques gouvernementales ayant influencé les opportunités économiques et les contraintes dans les zones d'origine et de destination dans une perspective de genre; 2) déterminants liés à des facteurs institutionnels maintenant les inégalités entre les sexes; 3) déterminants découlant du système socio-culturel des rôles et des relations entre les sexes et s'appuyant sur les normes et valeurs courantes. La promotion de l'égalité des chances entre les hommes et les femmes est nécessaire. Il est, de fait, important d'empêcher la perpétuation des marchés du travail segmentés. Au niveau des ménages, la migration peut également être considérée comme partie prenante d'une stratégie de diversification des risques des ménages au sein desquels un membre est encouragé à migrer afin de bénéficier des envois de fonds. Enfin, il convient de noter que le résultat de la migration pour les femmes varie considérablement selon les contextes socio-culturels et familiaux dans lesquels cette migration a eu lieu.

Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM) ; This paper highlights the recent patterns of outward migration from Egypt. After a brief historical overview, the main characteristics of Egyptians residing abroad are presented. Part of the analysis is also dedicated to the effects of emigration on the Egyptian labor market as well as on the causes prompting outward migration from the country. As to immigration patterns, the conditions of refugees and asylum seekers living in Egypt are analyzed in detail. The paper concludes with a time analysis of the social and economic impact of remittances in Egypt. ; Cet article se propose d'apporter un éclairage nouveau et actualisé sur les caractéristiques se rapportant au phénomène de l'émigration en partance de l'Egypte. Partant d'une brève historique, l'analyse s'attache à retranscrire les caractéristiques principales des émigrés égyptiens. L'intérêt de cette étude tient, en outre, à déterminer, et d'une part, l'impact de ce phénomène sur le marché du travail égyptien et, de l'autre, les causes motivant les migrations enregistrées en partance de l'Egypte. S'agissant des caractéristiques liées au phénomène de l'immigration, l'analyse prête une attention particulière à la condition des réfugiés et des demandeurs d'asile résidant en Egypte. L'article se penche, en dernier lieu, à l'appui d'une analyse temporelle, sur l'impact socio-économique des transferts de fonds réalisés vers l'Egypte. ; CARIM is co-financed by the European University Institute and the European Union

Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM) ; Egypt's capital Cairo hosts one of the five largest urban refugee populations in the world. For this reason, our paper concentrates on the legal aspect of irregular migration, discussing the characteristics of these migrants as asylum seekers and refugees while also examining transit migrants. First, the paper tackles associated concepts and data issues, with reference to the existing literature and international standards. In the second part, an overview of the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) situation is given as a prelude to the Egyptian experience. In the third part, the socio-economic profile of refugees and asylum seekers from Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Iraq is given with reference to their legal status, their rights and their living conditions measured in terms of income and sources of income, access to education, employment, health care and social services. The paper concludes by looking at the socio-economic situation in Egypt and policy recommendations concerning government practices, procedures, mechanisms, policies and laws. Gaps in research have also been highlighted so that these issues can be better addressed in the future.

Prospects for Egypt's population and Labor Force: 2000 to 2050 / Ragui Assaad -- The Poverty Trap : Why is it Persisting in Egypt? / Osman Mohamed Osman and Heba El Laithy -- Urbanization in Egypt / David Sims -- Street Children in Egypt : Principal Causes and Economic Cost / Karima Korayem -- Is Egypt's Higher Education System Broken? / John Waterbury --Water Challenges and Recommended Policies / Khaled Abu-Zeid -- The "Trickle-down" Approach : Its Relevance to the Case of Egypt / Gouda Abdel-Khalek -- Human Resource Competitiveness and the Digital Economy / Heba Nassar and Marwa Biltagy --The "Missing Middle" in Egypt's Enterprises and Its Impact on Economic Growth / Izak Atiyas and Ishac Diwan --The External Sector : Performance and Issues / Ahmed Ghoneim -- The Natural Gas Sector : Opportunities and Challenges / Noha H.A. Razek -- Fiscal Policies and Issues / Fatma El Ashmawy -- Monetary Policy In Egypt: Medium -- and Long-term View / Lahcen Bounader -- Institutional Constraints and Opportunities / Noha El-Mikawy and Mohamed Mohieddin.

PurposeEgypt has set plans to transform into a green economy which requires major reforms in the waste sector as one of the most vital sectors crucial for this transformation. This study aims at inspecting the current status of the Egyptian waste sector to highlight the major policy reforms needed. Furthermore, it assesses the economic viability of establishing waste-to-energy (WtE) projects under the current regulations that govern the sector.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed an inductive analytical approach to scrutinize the institutional and regulatory framework of the waste and WtE sectors. Furthermore, a novel techno-economic analysis was conducted to assess the profitability of a WtE plant that employs moving grate incineration technology.FindingsThe analysis of the waste sector revealed its deteriorating state and the dire need for immediate restructuring through more stringent regulations to establish an integrated waste management system (IWMS) that incorporates WtE technologies as well as a number of corrective actions that would help enhance the sector. Additionally, the techno-economic analysis revealed the need to amend the current WtE regulation to comprise a gate fee as an indispensable revenue stream for WtE projects.Originality/valueThis study is one of a few studies that uses a new technique of analysis to explore the potential role that WtE projects can play in Egypt as a part of an IWMS that aims at transforming the waste sector into a resource sector while providing a renewable and sustainable source of energy.

PurposeThis paper aims to evaluate the technical efficiency of the health-care systems in 21 selected middle-income countries during the period (2000–2017) and determine the source of inefficiency whether it is transient (short run) or persistent (long run).Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the stochastic frontier analysis technique through employing the generalized true random effects model which overcomes the drawbacks of the previously introduced stochastic frontier models and allows for the separation between unobserved heterogeneity, persistent inefficiency and transient inefficiency.FindingsPersistent efficiency is lower than the transient efficiency; hence, there are more efficiency gains that can be made by the selected countries by adopting long-term policies that aim at reforming the structure of the health-care system in the less efficient countries such as South Africa and Russia. The most efficient countries are Vietnam, Mexico and China which adopted a social health insurance that covers almost the whole population with the aim of increasing access to health-care services. Also, decentralization in health-care has assisted in adopting health-care policies that are suitable for both the rural and urban areas based on their specific conditions and health-care needs. A key success in the implementation of the adopted long-term policies by those countries is the continuous monitoring and evaluation of their outcomes and comparing them with the predefined targets and conducting any necessary modifications to ensure their movement in the right path to achieve their goals.Originality/valueAlthough several studies have evaluated the technical efficiency both across and within countries using non-parametric (data envelopment analysis) and parametric (stochastic frontier analysis) approaches, to the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to evaluate the technical efficiency of selected middle-income countries during the period (2000–2017) using the generalized true random effects stochastic frontier analysis model.

Creating society for all individuals by social inclusion is the best way to fight poverty and social exclusion. The construction of socially inclusive communities should be supported and encouraged by all partners in society not only the government. Thus, societies should create partnerships among all actors. These partnerships should promote complementary strategies for change, addressing the broad range of economic, social and environmental policies. It is time for economic zones to play their part in achieving social inclusion and sustainable development. Special Economic Zones are known for supporting the strategy of economic reform, decreasing the unemployment ratio and attracting new investments. The paper aims to propose design elements for creating socially inclusive Suez Canal Economic Zone. For this purpose, we introduced essential strategies of building an inclusive society. Moreover, we analysed inclusive growth indicators and the main characteristics of firms and workers in the Suez Canal Zone. The results include attracting foreign direct investment and increasing exports, achieving sustainable and inclusive green strategies that encompassing exports and investment creation, enabling capacity building, generating employment opportunities, assuring trickling down effect and creating linkages with the local economy to improve socio-economic conditions and eliminating regional disparities. ; Создание общества для всех с помощью социальной интеграции лучший способ борьбы с бедностью и социальной изоляцией, который должно поддерживать не только правительство, но и сами члены общества. Непременным элементом социальной интеграции являются партнерские отношения между всеми участниками. Партнерам необходимо продвигать дополнительные стратегии изменений, охватывающих широкий спектр проблем экономической, социальной и экологической политики. В настоящее время важную роль в достижении социальной интеграции и устойчивого развития играют экономические зоны, создание которых способствует проведению экономических реформ, снижению уровня безработицы и привлечению новых инвестиций. В настоящей статье описаны элементы, необходимые для создания социально-интегрированной экономической зоны Суэцкого канала, а также представлены основные стратегии построения социально-интегрированного общества. Проанализированы показатели инклюзивного роста и основные характеристики организаций и работников, занятых в зоне Суэцкого канала. Полученные результаты включают в себя: привлечение прямых иностранных инвестиций и рост экспорта; создание устойчивых и инклюзивных «зеленых» стратегий; создание возможностей для наращивания потенциала; обеспечение занятости и связей с региональной экономикой для улучшения социально-экономических условий и устранения региональных диспропорций.